Why is the second law of thermodynamics not symmetric with respect to time reversal?

Question

The question might have some misconceptions/ sloppy intuition sorry if that's the case (I'm not a physicist).

I seem to have the intuition that given a system of $N$ charged particles in 3D space colliding (under the effect of gravitational forces and electrostatic forces) elastically with each other, then the evolution of this system is symmetric with respect to time reversal. In the sense that if I record a video of the evolution of this mechanical system and then play it backwards then the resulting video will look like something that can happen in our universe. If this intuition is correct, then it should be easy to prove mathematically from the uniqueness theorem of ordinary differential equations.

I also seem to have the idea that statistical mechanics is nothing but the situation described above with $N$ being very large (particles in a gas are moving under the effect of gravitational and van der Waal forces and nothing else, no?). Thus, I would expect that the evolution of a thermodynamic system with respect to time should be symmetric with respect to time reversal. However this seems to contradict the second law of thermodynamics. Where did I go wrong?

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After seeing some of the responses to my question I wish to add the following :

I am NOT trying to refute the second law mathematically (lol :D). As you can see above I don't provide any mathematical proofs . I specifically said "If my intuition is correct, then it should be easy to prove mathematically ". That means I am skeptical about my own intuition because: 1) I don't back it up with a proof, 2) it is in contradiction with a well established law such as the second law.

Answer 1

The arrow of time in thermodynamics is statistical.

Suppose you have a deterministic system that maps from states that can have character $X$ or character $Y$, to other states that can have character $X$ or character $Y$. The system is such that, for a randomly selected state $X_n$ or $Y_n$, the probability that the system will map it uniquely and deterministically to a state with character $Y$ is $10^9$ times larger than the probability that the system will map it uniquely to a state with character $X$.

Then, given any state $X_n$ or $Y_n$ and the number of times $N$ we have iterated the system, we can run time backward by reversing the iteration of the system and get the corresponding past state, because each state is mapped uniquely and deterministically.

However, if we can only measure the character of the system, we might note that the system originated in a state with character $X$, and, after an unknown number of iterations of the system, it was in character $Y$.

We would correctly note that states with character $X$ always evolve into states with character $Y$ if you wait a while. We could call this the "X-to-Y law" and express it mathematically. If we start with a certain number $x$ of states with character $X$ and number $y$ of states with character $Y$, then after iterations $N$,

$x = 10^{-9N}x_0$ and $y = y_0 + x_0-x$.

However, there is no corresponding "Y-from-X law". If we don't know $N$ and $Y_n$ exactly, we can only speak statistically. And statistically, the chances are overwhelming that, given some state with character $Y$, the state at some previous iteration also had character $Y$. This means we can't reverse the direction of time in our mathematical expression of the "X-to-Y law".

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A more plain language explanation:

Suppose you have an oxygen tank and a nitrogen tank in a room and their mass ratio is the same as the mass ratio as that of air. The room pressure is assumed to always equalize with ambient pressure and temperature.

The 2nd law of thermodynamics says that, if you open the tanks and wait half an hour, the oxygen and nitrogen will all be out and the air will be exactly the same as it was before.

The time-reversed 2nd law of thermodynamics says that, any time you're in a room with normal air in it, somebody must have opened an oxygen and nitrogen tank half an hour ago.

Answer 2

A long comment.

Thermodynamics can be shown mathematically to be an emergent theory from statistical mechanics. Its laws are observational laws, deduced from variables and their measurements, that are needed to get the equations that map and predict the behavior of temperature, pressure etc.

Classical mechanics is deterministic, given the equations of motion of the individual particles time can be reversed, i.e. have the ensemble in a time reversed set. It is the great number of variables needed for the particles that makes the probability of a time reversed system to exist, infinitesimally small, given the number of particles in a mole ($\sim6\times10^{23}$), leading to the second law.

The successful emergence (mathematically) of the probabilistic thermodynamic theory from an underlying deterministic system, is what keeps going a number of theorists searching for a deterministic level from which the probabilistic quantum mechanics theory can emerge ( not successfully up to now, but that is another story).

Answer 3

Yes there absolutely is a well-known apparent (classical) contradiction here.

Classical mechanics is symmetric under $t \to - t$, i.e. for any given motion the reverse motion is also possible.

As you suggested - we can try to justify it with ode uniqueness theorems that are based on saying the ode's/pde's we started from actually possess some geometric curve as it's unique solution, but the point is that the particles travel along geometric curves which exist, regardless of our use of differential equations that claim to predict what those paths are.

Classical statistical mechanics is based on the existence of classical mechanics and is simply a tool to avoid the inherent impracticality of actually solving gigantic systems of coupled equations and imposing initial conditions.

On a fundamental level it is thus absolutely possible to reverse the microscopic behavior of the constituent particles of a closed system to which the law of entropy applies and so find the system moving in reverse.

But the law of increase of entropy just says [1] that out of all the possible states of the closed macroscopic system, most of the states the closed system can evolve into will have their entropy decreased, it doesn't say that ones with less entropy don't also exist - the 'reverse' closed system can still exist.

The big issue is that, if the laws of statistical mechanics are symmetric under $t \to - t$, then it would mean ([1], Sec. 7) not only that the most probable state a closed system can evolve into has a greater entropy, it also means that the state had to have arrived from a state with greater entropy too, which would mean entropy can decrease, contradicting the claim that entropy never decreases (apart from fluctuations) in closed systems.

There is simply no classical resolution to this so far.

That classical statistical mechanics has some issues with the notion of entropy is not surprising. We can only justify defining it as $S = \ln \Delta p \Delta q$ on a classical level, leading to well-known issues since it depends on the choice of units and changes by an additive constant on changing units, so all we can physically talk about is differences of entropy classically.

In quantum mechanics, things fundamentally change.

First of all, using quantum (statistical) mechanics, we can define entropy intrinsically without any nonsense about choices of units.

Furthermore, the very first argument we made about particles going along geometric curves is just completely gone - we simply cannot even argue physically about reversing the system and knowing what it will do as time goes backwards.

Although the equations of e.g. non-relativistic quantum mechanics can be interpreted as consistent if time goes backwards, what matters now is the measurement process.

The measurement process in (canonical) quantum mechanics is absolutely not symmetric with respect to time, as one can see for example in my summary of the quantum mechanical measurement process here.

Thus, the measurement process in quantum mechanics implies a physical in-equivalence of the two directions of time [1], a well-known fundamental asymmetry with respect to time, indeed the kind of asymmetry implied by the law of increase of entropy.

So the notion of entropy is not only more natural from a purely quantum mechanical perspective, even the law of increase of entropy and it's asymmetry with respect to time seems to make more sense too.

Although it has not been proven [2], a suggestion [1] has been made that the law of increase of entropy is a macroscopic expression of the microscopic in-equivalence of directions of time in the quantum measurement process.

References:

1. Landau and Lifshitz, "Statistical Physics", 3rd Ed.
2. Sadovskii, "Statistical Physics", 1st Ed.

Answer 4

The laws of physics are differential equations, and to solve a differential equation you need two things: the equation itself tells you how the value of some physical variable at each point of a region of time and space is related to the values at its neighbouring points, and you also need the boundary conditions that specify the value of the variable on the boundary of the region.

The differential equations specifying the laws of physics are time-reversal symmetric. The boundary conditions are not. The second law is time-asymmetric because the boundary conditions of the universe are time-asymmetric: the universe began in an extremely low-entropy state.

Given that the past boundary of your region of interest (i.e. the starting conditions of your experiment) is a low-entropy state, then the statistical argument can explain why it is statistically virtually certain that it will evolve into a high-entropy state if it can, or at least, no lower. But the statistical argument can be applied in reverse too. If told that the final state of the system is a low-entropy state, and asked what is the most probable sequence of events leading up to it, it turns out that the answer is a high-entropy state evolving towards a low-entropy one. There are many more sequences starting high and going low than there are sequences that start low and stay there. The statistical argument is time-reversal symmetric too.

The reason the universe began in such an extremely low-entropy state is, so far as I know, still not understood. It may be something to do with the process that creates universes. It may be something to do with the density of the initial states - that the matter is so 'crammed together' that there is no space for alternative arrangements. It may be something to do with events shortly after the beginning - like inflation. Whatever it might be, it is not explained by the second law, merely asserted.

In thermodynamics, the second law is always implied in the set-up to the question. You start with two bodies at different temperatures, a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir. Or you start with all the gas in one half of the chamber and not the other. The past boundary is declared to have low entropy - we don't ask how it got that way. Within our arena, the rules are time-reversal symmetric. We only get an asymmetric solution because of the asymmetry of the boundary conditions. The source of the asymmetry is always outside our view, somewhere out in the wide universe beyond the boundary. If we try to apply thermodynamics to the entire eternal/infinite universe, with no boundary anywhere (and hence, no big bang), and ask what history is most likely, the answer is always a cold, uniform, boring universe that starts, continues, and ends in some indistinguishable maximum-entropy state. It's just a box of gas, sitting there, forever. Only a tiny, tiny fraction of possible whole universe histories have this super-low-entropy start.

It's a very good question, that has exercised the minds of some of our greatest physicists. Part of the problem is psychological I'm sure - we tend to forget the importance of boundary conditions when discussing the laws of physics. But it's also a pretty big mystery. Well done for noticing!

Answer 5

Short answer: mechanics are time reversible on microscopic scale, entropy is never reversible on the macroscopic scale (except in the ideal case where its value does not change):

Longer answer:

The time-irreversibility of entropy is demonstrated by Clausius' Theorem:

$$\oint \frac{dQ}{T} \leq 0 \tag{1}$$

$(1)$ can be derived by analyzing the results of the Carnot cycle using an ideal gas. I won't go into it here, but I will mention that Enrico Fermi's book on thermodynamics (1937) provides an excellent explanation of this equation without skimping over any of the mathematics.

This naturally provides us a definition of entropy that is consistent with both the microscopic and macroscopic frameworks of classical physics (sometimes this definition is provided with an inequality; feel free to argue about that with me in the comments):

$$dS \equiv \frac{dQ}{T} \tag{2}$$

Consider a closed cycle where a system goes from state $A\rightarrow B$ and then state $B \rightarrow A$. Combining $(1)$ and $(2)$ we see that for any system which returns to its initial state (in terms of pressure, temperature, volume), the entropy must have increased (or at a minimum, stayed the same) in the time-forward part of the cycle,

$$\oint dS = \int_A^B dS +\int_B^A dS = \int_A^B dS +(S(A)-S(B)) \leq 0$$

Which implies,

$$ \int_{A}^{B} dS \leq S(B) - S(A)$$

And,

$$S(B) \geq S(A)$$

The thermodynamic connection to $(2)$ is provided through two equations: first, the conservation of energy, and second Gibbs' entropy (which reduces to Boltzmann's entropy for the microcanonical case):

$$dU=-PdV+dQ=-PdV+TdS \tag{3}$$ $$S=-k_B \ln \langle \rho_i \rangle \tag{4}$$

I won't get into the statistical mechanics here, but the probability of a particular energy level, $\rho_i$, provides us a connection to the microscopic physics, which, for classically modelled particles, can be represented by Hamiltonian equations:

$$ \frac{dp_j}{dt} = -\frac{\partial H}{\partial x_j}, \frac{dx_j}{dt} = \frac{\partial H}{\partial p_j} \tag{5} $$

Where I've used index $j$ for a particular particle in the system. Here's the important part. All of this mathematics is self-consistent, and the equations in $(5)$ are completely time reversible.

Aside: In my opinion, the statistical mechanics of classically modelled particles is an extremely well understood area of theoretical physics. So I wouldn't arbitrarily doubt the mathematics. The difficult part (as is always the case in theoretical physics) is explaining what the mathematics means without referring to experiment.

Answer 6

The example you described is not really an illustration of the 2nd Law. Picture rather a helium balloon in a room. Equal pressure inside the balloon and outside. Then the balloon pops. Although at first you have a balloon-shaped cloud of helium in the center of a room full of air (State 1), after some time passes you will have a uniform mixture of helium and air throughout the room (State 2). This situation would never happen in reverse, even though every molecular collision occurred during the transition from State 1 to 2 was itself reversible.

Answer 7

The way I think about is that by introducing the tools of statistical physics you purposefully throw away a lot of information and by doing so you are looking at different dynamics and the time reversibility of the microscopic laws may not be carried over.

Take for example a system of $N$ bits $b_1,\dots, b_N$ that can be either in the state $1$ or $0$. A timestep of this system consists of randomly picking a bit and flipping it. If instead of random we picked this bit pseudo-randomly then the dynamics of this system are perfectly reversible. Now to look at this from a statistical mechanics point of view let's consider the average of these bits $B=\tfrac 1 N(b_1+\dots+b_N)$. If we start the system in the state of all zeros then we know that, almost certainly, our parameter $B$ will slowly rise and then hover around $B=1/2$. We could even calculate the entropy: $$S=k_b\log\omega(B)$$ where $\omega(B)$ is the number of microstates that correspond to a particular B-value. Here $\omega(B)$ is a link between micro and macro and it shows exactly where the information is lost. Before we considered $2^N$ states, now we consider $N+1$ states because $B$ takes on $N+1$ different values. For each macrostate $B$ the function $\omega(B)$ counts how many of these microstates are counted as 'the same'.

Together with the low entropy initial state this gives rise to dynamics that are not time reversible. Had we started in a state with $B\approx 1/2$ then there would be no time asymmetry, both for the microscopic and macroscopic dynamics.

Disclaimer: I already mentioned this but this is my point of view and I don't know if this is in conflict with literature.

Answer 8

In my opinion, you are conceptually "putting the cart before the horse". Physics is the observation of physical phenomena, and the development of a mathematical model that describes the observations. Since practically no mathematical model is unique, it is easily possible to develop several mathematical models that describe the observations to varying degrees of accuracy. Predictions from those various models along with the concept of Occam's razor, generally leads to one mathematical model that is accepted as the "best" model by the physics community. This all means that physics is not math, and it is inappropriate to use a mathematical argument to refute observations regarding the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.

Answer 9

The remorseless increase in entropy is simply a matter of probability.

Consider an idealised pool table set up for a game- one with no friction or air resistance and perfectly elastic balls. You take a cue shot. The moving white ball is now the only energetic object on the table, so the entropy is low. When the white hits the triangle of balls at the end of the table, it loses energy to some of the balls and entropy increases. Those balls bounce off the cushions and interact with other balls, spreading the energy further and increasing entropy. Over time you will be left with a state in which all the balls are moving at random with low speeds compared with the speed of the initial cue ball.

Given that the laws governing the interactions of individual pairs of balls are time reversible, it would be possible in principle for the random motion of the balls at some point to bring all of them to exactly the same positions they held at some earlier point but with exactly reversed velocities, in which case the subsequent evolution of the system would see all the balls eventually return to the original state. However, the odds of 16 randomly moving balls ending up in positions which form an exact replica of a former state but with exactly reversed velocities is vanishingly small. You could watch the randomly moving pool balls for billions of years without seeing them return to their original configuration. And that example is a simple, idealised one. In real life the energy of the pool balls is diffused through collisions and friction and lost by exchange with the particles that comprise the table and the air- it is even less likely that the molecules of the table and the air would ever randomly interact with the pool balls to reverse their paths exactly to wind back to the original set-up.

All examples of systems, mechanical or otherwise, evolve in a way that increases entropy because large numbers of interactions happen at random, and the chances of them happening in a reversed fashion are vanishingly small.

Consider Newton's cradle with just two balls. The interactions between the two balls are largely symmetric, so the system behaves in a periodic way, seeming to return repeatedly to a former state. However, there is a continual random interaction between the balls and the air molecules, which gradually sees the energy of the balls transferred through billions of random collisions to the air until they eventually stop swinging. To return the balls to their earlier swinging state would require billions of collisions between air molecules and the balls that were aligned in direction and synchronised to the extent that the energy was returned to the balls- again possible in principle, but an utterly utterly improbable eventuality in the random motion of billions of air molecules.

Answer 10

Let me first point out that entropy may mean different things. As Jaynes points in his article The minimum entropy production principle:

By far the most abused word in science is "entropy". Confusion over the different meanings of this word, already serious 35 years ago, reached disaster proportions with the 1948 advent of Shannon's information theory, which not only appropriated the same word for a new set of meanings; but even worse, proved to be highly relevant to statistical mechanics.

He then goes on to claim that there are at least 6 different definitions of entropy.

As a minimum one needs to distinguish the thermodynamic (Gibbs) entropy and Boltzmann entropy.

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a phenomenological discipline. In particular, Gibbs explicitly defined entropy as the quantity that always increases in irreversible processes - that is, it was defined explicitly to account for the observed lack of symmetry with respect to time reversal in macroscopic objects.

Statistical physics
Boltzmann defined entropy as a logarithm of the number of available microstates, $$S=k\log(\Omega).$$ The lack of symmetry in respect to the time reversal then reflects the vanishingly small probability of finding the system in a particular microstate, corresponding to the initial values of the parameters. The tendency of entropy to evolve towards higher values is known as Boltzmann H-theorem, although some of the approximations used in the Boltzmann's original proof are questionable.

Loschmidt and Zermelo paradoxes
The argument that, by reversing all the velocities one should be able to make system evolve to its initial state, is known as Loschmidt's paradox, which was one of the first objections to the Boltzmann H-theorem. This is indeed the case, as, e.g., shown in spin echo experiments. However, we usually do not have control over all the degrees of freedom of a physical systems (and the universe as a whole), which is why this never happens. In short, the irreversibility is a result of our inability to observe and control the world on the microscopic level, a measurement error with far-reaching cosnequences.

A good discussion of Loschmidt's and some other paradoxes is given in this pedagogical article; see also this thread.

Answer 11

Suppose you have a single small ball floating in a closed box, bouncing around. If you divide the box in half with an imaginary plane, you can say that one half of the box is "full" if the particle happens to be in that half. The other half is then "empty". As this ball bounces about, the half/empty states will reverse, many times.

Add now another such ball. The two balls bounce off of the walls, and they collide with each other. In this situation, sometimes one side is empty, but sometimes both sides contain a particle. So, if you start the system in the "left side full" state, and let it evolve, the particles will move about, spread out throughout the box, but at some point you'll notice that they'll bunch up on the left side, and the initial sate of "left side full" will happen again, although the exact positions and velocities of the two balls might be different compared to their starting positions.

So, there's a distinction here between two kinds of states: "left side full" is a macrostate, while the exact configuration of the particles is a microstate.

Now, suppose there are 10 balls bouncing around in there. Start the system in the "left side full" macrostate, let it evolve. The particles will spread out by diffusion, and their behavior will be very chaotic. The likelihood that they'll all bunch up on the left side again is significantly reduced, but still, if you wait long enough, it'll probably happen.

Notice here that there are many, many more microstates (exact configurations) where the particles are spread out, than there are those where the particles are all on the left side. This is makes the "left side full" macrostate comparatively less likely - even though every collision is governed by time-symmetric laws. If you reverse time, and you are zoomed in, you can't see anything funny going on - you have to zoom out, and observe the behavior of a large collection of particles.

Now place thousand, million, billion particles in the box. Start the system in the "left side full" state, let it evolve. Have fun waiting for it to reverse! It'll never^* happen!

It's even worse than that, though. A glass of water contains many, many, many, many more molecules than that. If you took out a billion molecules, it wouldn't even feel it. If you took out a billion molecules from a single drop, it wouldn't even mater.

A drop of water contains more than 1,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules. So you can see why mixing two liquids is statistically irreversible.

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^* never = "extremely, unbelievably unlikely"

Answer 12

"This is false. Given a low entropy state, the past is either a lower entropy state or a same-entropy state, and there's no time-reversal operator for thermodynamic processes (except those carried out at constant entropy) regardless of boundary conditions."

That's a common misunderstanding evident in a number of the answers and comments above, that I think is worth addressing at greater length than is possible in a comment. (My apologies if this is against the rules on here.)

There are two aspects to the laws of physics within a region of spacetime that need to be considered: the kinematic laws, and the statistical laws.

The kinematic laws are those mentioned by the OP - that for any given forwards-in-time history, you can reverse all the final velocities of the particles, call them initial velocities, and trace the same history backwards. That's true, and agreed by all sides - at least in the classical physics version.

The entire trajectory of every particle throughout the period is fully determined by their joint position and velocity at any given instant, which includes both the start of the period and its end, and reversing the velocities of all particles at any instant reverses the trajectories. The trajectories in the bulk of the spacetime region are fully determined by the trajectories at the boundary.

The statistical laws are about the number of possible trajectories fulfilling particular macroscopic conditions. The idea is that the number of trajectories exhibiting 'normal' behaviour so vastly exceeds the number where the second law is violated that it becomes a virtual certainty that things will proceed as expected. While violations are possible, they are exceedingly improbable. Thus, people try to derive the second law as a statistical effect. It isn't.

Let's consider a classic example - a large number of gas molecules starting in one half of the chamber. We specify the positions of the particles on the past boundary, but we haven't said anything about their velocities. So we suppose they are selected uniformly from all the possibilities.

Now for each starting combination of positions and velocities, the entire subsequent history is determined. But over the range of all possible choices of velocities, there are a vast, vast number of possible trajectories.

In some, all the particles finish in the same half of the box. In some, they all end up in the same hundredth of the box, crammed into one tiny corner. But the number of initial states where they're spread out between the two halves vastly exceeds the number where they're in the same half, which even more vastly exceeds the number where they're in the same one hundredth. So given a uniform choice over our range of possible starting states - specified positions, arbitrary velocities - it is virtually certain that we've got one of the spread-out ones rather than a huddle-together one. This is the statistical argument's explanation for the second law.

However, this argument only works if you apply it to the initial states - when the full trajectories are determined by their values at any time. Thus, we can equally easily assert that at the end of the experiment all the gas molecules are in the same half of the box, and ask how they got there. The number of time-reversed trajectories satisfying the time-reversed constraints is exactly the same number. So there are vastly more choices of final velocities that are preceded by molecules spread out fairly equally between the two halves than there are choices where the molecules started in the same half, or an even smaller region.

So if we take the statistical argument seriously, then we ought to expect that setting a low-entropy condition on the final state would be preceded by an entropy decrease! This is what the statistical argument tells us. So the statistical argument contradicts the second law.

Note, I am not saying that the second law is wrong. I am saying that the statistical argument does not imply or explain it.

The statistical argument simply counts trajectories - but the number of time-reversed trajectories is identical to the number of forwards-time trajectories, so the statistical argument is as time-reversal symmetric as the kinematic argument is. We have to look elsewhere for an explanation.

The second law says that in the bulk of each spacetime region the entropy does not decrease. This implies that the entropy at the end time is always equal to or greater than the entropy at the start time. Any statement about the bulk is also a statement about the boundary, and wording it this way directs us towards an understanding.

High entropy requires no explanation. Statistically, virtually all trajectories are high-entropy. The big question we really need to answer is where does the low entropy come from? On statistical grounds, the starting conditions of our thermodynamic experiments are fantastically unlikely. Statistical arguments cannot explain them. But they're clearly observed, so we need an explanation.

Not only are they observed to happen, we also observe that they always happen on the past boundary, never the future one. If we constrain the past boundary to a low-entropy state, leave the future boundary free, statistical arguments predict exactly the sort of events that we commonly see. But if we constrain the future boundary to a low-entropy state and leave the past free, statistical arguments make the wrong prediction. Instead of predicting an even lower entropy initial state, they predict entropy decrease.

The second law states that the lowest entropy is always on the past boundary of any experiment. This cannot be explained by anything going on inside our region. It isn't explained by either the kinematic or statistical rules that apply inside the region, and they fully determine everything that happens inside the bulk. So it has to be something outside the region. Something happened in the deep past to start the universe off in an extremely low entropy state, and every instance of low entropy we ever observe experimentally originates there.

If we take the position that low entropy always originates in the past, then seeing low entropy on the future boundary, we can legitimately conclude that the only place it could have come from to get there is the past boundary, through the bulk of our experiment, and thus predict the initial conditions to be of even lower entropy. Statistically, that's fantastically unlikely. But the start of the universe is fantastically unlikely, so that's not a problem.

Answer 13

Irreversible change in state occurs over time. Yet time, per se, doesn't determine state in matter - it is the state variable, e.g. pressure, temperature, external field, etc.

A volume of gas may have a pressure $p$ at some temperature $T$. But just from that fact alone we know nothing about actual states of particular gas molecules. A number of microstates for the gas molecules can result in the same macroscopic pressure.

Some macroscopically observable and state-changing variable can, in a particular irreversible process, have some functional relationship with time. But this does not mean that all micro-transitions making up that macro-transition are equally unique or determinable from the macroscopic state variable vs time function.

The kinetic theory of gases posits molecules as uniform bodies continually exchanging kinetic energy via elastic collisions with neighboring molecules. Interactional forces between molecules are assumed to be equal. In reality such collisions are not elastic and some of the incoming kinetic energy is not always converted to the same increase in the slower molecule's speed due to internal transitions within the latter molecule - the internal transitions will definitely be non-determinable due to uncertainty of electron energies/positions at impact. The same external molecule-to-molecule impact can give rise to a different factorization of kinetic energies among the molecule's various degrees of freedom.

So "reversing time" is not going to be like watching a video replay of a shot in a game of perfectly smooth billiards.