I came across the following semi-group and the associated finite dimensional semi-group algebras over a field $K$ (which are Nakayama algebras) as they have very nice homological properties. My question is whether those semi-groups appeared before in the literature.
Fix a binary necklace with colours black and white with $n \geq 2$ points. Number the points from $0$ to $n-1$ in the necklace and think of them as elements in $\mathbb{Z}/\mathbb{Z}n$. The basis elements of the semi-group algebra together with the zero associated to the necklace are the zero element 0 with $0x=0=x0$ for all other elements $x$, idempotents $e_i$ for any point $i$ with $e_i e_j = \delta_{i,j} e_i$ and intervals starting at a point $i$ in the necklace and ending at a point $j$. When the starting point $i$ is white, the intervals have the form $[i,j]$ for $j=i+1,i+2,\dotsc,i+n-1$ and when the starting point $i$ is black, the intervals have the form $[i,j]$ for $j=i+1,i+2,\dotsc,i+n=i$. So there is one more interval for a black point than for a white point, namely the interval $[i,i]$. Let the length $l([i,k])$ of an interval be equal to the number of points it contains, where we set the length of $e_i$ equal to 1 and the length of $[i,i]$ equal to $n+1$.
Now the multiplication in the semigroup is given by $e_i [j,k]= \delta_{i,j} [j,k]$, $[j,k] e_i = [j,k] \delta_{k,i}$ and $[i,k][s,t]= \delta_{k,s} [i,t]$ (this means we can glue two intervals together if $[i,k]$ has the end point equal to the start point of $[s,t]$), where we set this to be $0$ if $l([i,k])+l([s,t])>n$ (meaning that the result would be no element anymore) in case $i$ is a white point and $0$ if $l([i,k])+l([s,t])>n+1$ if $i$ is a black point.
For example, when all points are white and the necklace has $n$ points, the semi-group algebra is isomorphic as an algebra to the Taft algebra $K\langle C,X\rangle/\langle C^n-1,X^n,XC- u CX\rangle$ when $u$ is a primitive $n$-th root of unity in $K$. The Taft algebra is also a Hopf algebra, so one might hope that there is at least a bialgebra structure for the more general class of those necklace algebras (maybe assuming the field has a certain characteristic or other properties).
Question 1: Does this semi-group appear somewhere in the literature already or is it a special case of a class of semigroups?
I found a lot of nice homological properties of the semigroup algebras but maybe there are also nice structural properties.
Question 2: Does the semigroup algebra of a binary necklace have nice structural properties like a bialgebra structure ?
It has no (ungraded) Hopf algebra structure in most cases as the algebras are rarely Frobenius (precisely when all points are white or all points are black).
Some nice representation-theoretic/homological properties of those algebras are that they have the double centraliser propertiy with a smaller such necklace algebra and they are Iwanaga–Gorenstein.
Recall that a cyclic Nakayama algebra is just a quiver algebra whose quiver is an oriented cycle (which we can identify with a necklace). The Kupisch series $[c_0,c_1,...,c_{n-1}]$ of a Nakayama algebra is just the vector space dimension of the indeomcposable projective module $e_i A$ at point $i$ in the quiver and describes the Nakayama algebra uniquely. The necklace algebra is isomorphic to the cyclic Nakayama algebra with $n$ simples with Kupisch series $[c_0,...,c_{n-1}]$ where $c_i=n$ in case $i$ is a white point and $c_{i+1}=n+1$ in case $i$ is a block point.
$K\langle C,X\rangle/\langle C^n-1,X^n,XC- u CX\rangle$
rather than $K<C,X>/(C^n-1,X^n,XC- u CX>$$K<C,X>/(C^n-1,X^n,XC- u CX>$
(https://mathoverflow.net/a/366101). I have edited accordingly. – LSpice Aug 22 '20 at 13:17