I very much enjoyed reading through The Annotated Turing which goes through Turing's "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" in careful detail. I saw this question on here and while saddened to find an online platform for doing something similar for papers in general has still not materialised, it did get me thinking if there are other books out there that do something similar to The Annotated Turing for other famous mathematical papers. It seems someone's published a similar book on Goedel's incompleteness theorem just quite recently, so I'd be quite surprised if the list of books annotating famous papers started and ended with these two only.
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1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice – Gerry Myerson Jul 01 '23 at 01:42
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1Mathiesen, Thomas J., and Euclid. “An Annotated Translation of Euclid’s ‘Division of a Monochord.’” Journal of Music Theory 19, no. 2 (1975): 236–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/843590. – Gerry Myerson Jul 01 '23 at 01:48
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1This is not exactly mathematics, but Green Lion Press has published some books that annotate some classics, such as by Faraday and Maxwell. – Timothy Chow Jul 01 '23 at 04:09
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3The Dover edition of Euclid's Elements contains extensive annotations by Heath. – Timothy Chow Jul 01 '23 at 13:27
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Fermat's Last Theorem? – C.F.G Jul 01 '23 at 16:41
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2@C. F. G., Fermat's annotated reading of Diophantus' Arithmetica? – F Zaldivar Jul 01 '23 at 17:12
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H. M. Edwards, "Riemann's Zeta Function" (Academic Press, 1974, New Edition in Dover, 2001) is an extremely annotated reading of Riemann's classical paper on the zeta function).

F Zaldivar
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3Edwards has also written books annotating Galois's original memoir, and Kummer's work on Fermat's Last Theorem. – Timothy Chow Jul 01 '23 at 04:07
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1@TimothyChow Edwards being, after all, the person who popularized the phrase "Read the masters!" (quoting Abel) in his article with the same name! – Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda Jul 02 '23 at 03:40
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Concerning the book on Gödel's paper ("On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems"), you apparently meant the book Gödel's Proof, which does not seem to be an annotation of the paper, but rather, quoting from the description by the publisher, "a readable and accessible explanation to both scholars and non-specialists of the main ideas and broad implications of Gödel's discovery".

Iosif Pinelis
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4There is a more recent (2022) annotated version of Gödel's paper: The Annotated Gödel, by Hal Prince. – John Stillwell Jul 01 '23 at 03:00
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