Is there centripetal acceleration with velocity of 5 m/s?

Question

So if an object is moving at $5\ \mathrm{m\ s^{-1}}$ in a circle, is it accelerating?

Me and a friend are having a conversation about this.

In a circle, the direction of the motion changes at every instant and is along the tangent at that instant. Thus, there is acceleration because the velocity at every instant is changing. — Tapi, May 03 '19 at 18:57

score 1 · Answer 1 · answered May 03 '19 at 19:44

I had this exact same question when hearing learning about circular motion.

A teacher once asked: "In what case can an object always be accelerating, but its speed remain constant?", and the answer was circular motion.

I was not happy with this at the time as I saw acceleration as: "a quantity that is added to the speed of an object every second" which is how I think you view it as now (roughly speaking).

This would imply that if an object's speed is constant, it is not accelerating, and the converse (i.e. that if it's speed is changing with time, then it is accelerating).

This interpretation of acceleration is incorrect.

I will aim to clarify the meaning of acceleration, not just by stating $a = \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt}$, but via the beauty of vectors.

(Semantically, part of our confusion stems from the fact that, up until now, you will have viewed speed and velocity as much the same thing. They are not. Hopefully I can now convince you why.)

To go from one position vector to another position vector in a time interval, $\delta t$, a velocity vector is added.

Similarly,

To go from one velocity vector to another velocity vector in the same $\delta t$, an acceleration vector is added.

We may now restate your question: "In circular motion, is there an acceleration vector?".

We observe that if there were not an acceleration vector, then the velocity vector would not change during the time interval, $\delta t$.

And we know that this is not the case!

If the velocity vector did not change, then the position vector would always increase in the same fashion and the motion would be that of a straight line.

So to sum up, because the motion of the object is not that of a straight line, the velocity vector must be changing. And thus, if the velocity vector is changing, there must be an acceleration vector that is being added to this velocity vector each time interval, $\delta t$.

And as we clarified before, if an acceleration vector is being added, the object is accelerating.

Here is a couple of pages from a maths book that introduces the topic in terms of vectors. It will just give you a bit of a better understanding of the topic of circular motion in general if you are interested to read a bit more into the equations.

[sorry for the bad image quality, source: Advanced Mathematics, Book 1, LK Turner]

score 1 · Answer 2 · answered May 04 '19 at 07:33

I am quite sure that by "velocity" here, you mean "speed": a number telling you how fast something is moving. The terms are used interchangeably in common usage, but in technical usage velocity also includes information about in what direction the particle is moving, and for a particle moving in a circle, this will always be changing.

You are right though in thinking that if the particle is moving in a circle, or any other path than a straight line, then there must be force, and thus acceleration (leaving off some technical caveats about reference frames and what not). Just as technical velocity has direction, so does acceleration and, for circular motion, this acceleration must be directed toward the center of that circle, hence "centripetal" ("drawing toward the center").

However, given only the speed at which the particle is moving around the circle, you cannot determine this, even if you intend for the particle to be moving with steady speed, because you also need the radius of the circle. This is why that the "turning radius" is such a big deal when it comes to driving: it is, effectively, a measure of the sharpness of a turn by comparing it to a suitably-tight circle, hence the name. The tighter the circle, or the tighter the turn, the more force and the more acceleration you need for any given speed, and that is harder for the wheels of your car to produce, meaning you're more likely to be unable to engage the road sufficiently well so as to successfully negotiate the turn at high speed and you'll fly off and crash, perhaps lethally. Mind the speed limit!

rob · Answer 3 · 2019-05-03T18:00:18.467

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"Velocity" includes direction.

If your velocity is constant, you are moving in a straight line, not a circle. To move in a circle, the direction of the velocity must change, even if the speed is constant.

If your velocity is not constant, there is an acceleration.

edited May 03 '19 at 18:00

answered May 03 '19 at 17:53

rob

89,569

I do not understand, if the speed is the same then there should be no acceleration? – TheDragonorian May 03 '19 at 17:56
"Speed" is a less complete description of motion than "velocity." – rob May 03 '19 at 17:58
I don't think this can be adequately explained without vectors. – Gert May 03 '19 at 18:38

score 0 · Answer 4 · edited May 04 '19 at 15:02

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enter image description here as we can see in the image the direction of velocity vector changes with time and it is well know to use that acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity ($\frac {d\bar v}{dt}$) which is a vector quantity (hence direction change does matter) so yes the motion of a particle in a circle with constant speed is accelerated. Link to centripetal acceleration :- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_force&ved=2ahUKEwiWlIWH-f_hAhVKRo8KHUClCbYQmhMwDHoECAkQLg&usg=AOvVaw2D3QwD2LbGv7HaTClHy5JR&cshid=1556906607021

edited May 04 '19 at 15:02

Elio Fabri

5,780

answered May 03 '19 at 18:04

Aditya Garg

691

Speed is indeed constant this implies no tangential acceleration – Aditya Garg May 03 '19 at 18:04

score 0 · Answer 5 · answered May 03 '19 at 19:41

Yes, any object moving in a circle has acceleration. It's called centripetal acceleration. If your object has a constant speed, such as your 5 meters per second, the centripetal acceleration would be higher the smaller the circle and less with larger circles.

score 0 · Answer 6 · answered May 04 '19 at 15:16

I would like to add a supplementary argument. One could easily say - there's no question: acceleration is defined that way, from variation of vector velocity. And as everybody knows, definitions can't be discussed.

Well, we don't discuss a definition but we my ask for its motivation. Why was acceleration so defined?

The answer is in dynamics. It's in Newton's discovery that to keep a planet going in its curved orbit a force is required. His second law reads $$\vec F = m\,\vec a$$ where you can read that it's Sun's attraction, which for a circular orbit is orthogonal to velocity (vector), that keeps the planet from escaping.

Force causes acceleration. Orthogonal acceleration is what is needed to get a circular motion even with constant speed. This is why acceleration defined that way is useful in physics.

score 0 · Answer 7 · answered May 04 '19 at 15:42

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity not speed. And in uniform circular motion the velocity changes at every point (not in magnitude but in direction) . Which results in acceleration. Basically while travelling on a circular path two acceleration come into action. They are tangential acceleration and radial acceleration (or centripetal acceleration). The tangential acceleration results due to the change in speed ( ie the magnitude of velocity) whereas the centripetal or radial acceleration is due the change in direction of velocity at every point.
Acceleration is a vector quantity so mentioning the direction is important. So tangential acceleration at a point is directed along the tangent to the point. And the radial acceleration is either directed perpendicular to the plane of the motion either inwards or outwards .

Is there centripetal acceleration with velocity of 5 m/s?

7 Answers7