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In historical paper A View From the Island, A. M. Polyakov wrote at 6th page:

In the abelian case, these dislocations turned to be just the world lines of magnetic monopoles and I predicted the phase transition leading to confinement (in 3 + 1 case).

What did he mean? Does it mean, that exist phase on abelian theory (pure theory or theory with matter?), where elementary excitations are gluebal-like objects? What is mechanism lying behind this phenomena?

Nikita
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    This phenomenon and the explicit model are discussed in detail in Polyakov's tetbook, Gauge Fields and Strings, as well as the original reference, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370269375901628?via%3Dihub Closely related questions: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/202626/compact-qed-and-non-compact-qed-polyakov-textbook https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/466578/compact-qed-in-different-dimensions?noredirect=1&lq=1 – Seth Whitsitt Apr 18 '20 at 21:38

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