In many text books and exercises, it is stated the the phase transformation is constant under differentiation iff the argument is real, which is necessary to show the invariance of the Lagrangian under such transformations. But why is this? That is, why does the following hold, and why only when the argument is real?
$$ \partial_\mu (e^{-i\alpha(x)} \phi(x)) = e^{-i\alpha(x)} \partial_\mu \phi(x) \leftrightarrow \alpha\in\mathbb{R}$$