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A strictly conservative form of the Navier-Stokes energy equation reads (Schlichting, Gersten: Boundary Layer Theory 2017, eq. 3.57) $$\frac{\partial \rho e_t}{\partial t} + \mathrm{div}\left(\rho e_t \mathbf{u}\right) = \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{\sigma}\cdot \mathbf{u}\right) - \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{q}\right) + Q$$ where $\rho$ is density, $e_t = e + \frac{1}{2} \mathbf{u}^T \cdot \mathbf{u} + \psi$ is the specific total energy, $e$ is the specific internal energy, $\mathbf{u}$ is the flow velocity, $\psi$ is the potential energy, $\mathbf{\sigma} = \mathbf{\tau} - p \mathrm{\mathbf{I}}$ is the Cauchy stress tensor, $\mathbf{\tau}$ is the viscous stress tensor, $p$ is the pressure, $\mathrm{\mathbf{I}}$ is the second-order identity tensor, $\mathbf{q}$ is the heat conduction vector and $Q$ is a point-like heat source.

In terms of total enthalpy $h_t = e_t + p/\rho$, this equation reads $$\frac{\partial \rho h_t}{\partial t} + \mathrm{div}\left(\rho h_t \mathbf{u}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} - \mathrm{div}\left(p \mathbf{u}\right) = \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{\sigma}\cdot \mathbf{u}\right) - \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{q}\right) + Q$$ or (with $\mathbf{\sigma} = \mathbf{\tau} - p \mathrm{\mathbf{I}}$) $$\frac{\partial \rho h_t}{\partial t} + \mathrm{div}\left(\rho h_t \mathbf{u}\right) - \frac{\partial p}{\partial t} = \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{\tau}\cdot \mathbf{u}\right) - \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{q}\right) + Q$$

I always thought total enthalpy was the sum of all energy forms that are connected to mass. Thus, total enthalpy can be transported/convected. So why is the pressure-volume work $pv = p/\rho$ not included? In my opinion, the energy equation should read $$\frac{\partial \rho h_t}{\partial t} + \mathrm{div}\left(\rho h_t \mathbf{u}\right) = \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{\sigma}\cdot \mathbf{u}\right) - \mathrm{div}\left(\mathbf{q}\right) + Q$$ Where is my error in reasoning? Even Bernoulli's equation for incompressible flow includes the term $p/\rho$.

Procyon
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  • What do you mean by "sum of all energy forms that are connected to mass"? Isn't this just the total energy $e_t$? – Tofi Jul 03 '22 at 08:02
  • @Tofi This might by my error of reasoning. Why is the pressure-volume work not part of the energy that is stored with/inside the mass? Both (non-specific) internal energy $U$ and (non-specific) pressure-volume work $pV$ are extensive quantities. Thus, when I connect two previously separated volumes $V_1$ and $V_2$ to $V_3=V_1+V_2$, the resulting internal energy, pressure-volume work and enthalpy are $U_3=U_1+U_2$, $(pV)_3=(pV)_1+(pV)_2$ and $H_3=H_1+H_2$ respectively. Thus, the pressure-volume work is stored in there. – Procyon Jul 03 '22 at 09:45
  • The equation you wrote in terms of enthalpy is the same as the original equation minus the Bernoulli equation (or more precisely minus the equation of motion contracted with the velocity vector). – Chet Miller Jul 03 '22 at 14:23
  • Related: https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/216366/226902 https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/658078/226902 – Quillo Mar 06 '23 at 16:18

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