I am trying to self-learn the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics and I came across thoughts to which I could not find an answer therefore I would like to try and ask them here.
My questions are as follows:
First of all, consider the Lagrangian ($1$ degree of freedom) $L \left( q, \frac{d q}{d t}, t \right)$. It's given that $q \text{ and } \frac{d q}{d t}$ are independent variables in a specific moment $t$. The explanation I found is that knowing the velocity at a specific moment can't determine the position and vice versa, which in my opinion is an intuitive explanation but I tend to like the "mathematical” ones more. Thus, what I am searching for is an explanation using a mathematical approach (if possible).
Secondly, about the same question but this time it is about the Hamiltonian $H \left( q, p, t \right)$ and about $q$ and $p$.
Best regards.