I henceforth assume $\hbar=1$. The correct way to think of Schroedinger equation in a Hilbert space $\cal H$ (referring to a self adjoint Hamiltonian $H : D(H) \to \cal H$, with $D(H)\subset \cal H$ a dense subspace) is the one where the time derivative refers to the topology of the Hilbert space (as correctly noticed at the beginning of the posted question):
$$\frac{d}{dt} \psi_t = -i H \psi_t\tag{1}\:.$$
Above $\psi_t := e^{-itH} \psi$ and $\psi \in D(H)$. This last requirement guarantees that $\psi_t \in D(H)$ for every $t \in \mathbb R$ and that the $t$-derivative $\frac{d}{dt} \psi_t$ exists in the sense of the topology of the Hilbert space, and, finally, that (1) holds true.
However, a naive interpretation of Schroedinger equation assumes that the $t$-derivative is in the standard sense for a wavefunction $\psi=\psi(t,x)$ sufficiently smooth in both variables, and the equation itself is interpreted in the sense of standard PDE, supposing that $H$ is the (hopefully unique) self-adjoint extension of a differential operator
$H_x = -\frac{1}{2m} \Delta_x + V(x)$ with $V$ at least continuous:
$$\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi(t,x) = -i H_x \psi(t,x)\tag{2}\:.$$
This second interpretation is untenable in the general case for various reasons.
In particular it is false that all solutions of (1) solve (2), because the wavefunctions solving (1) are elements of $D(H) \subset {\cal H} = L^2(\mathbb R^3, dx)$ and thus (a) they are defined up to zero measure set and (b), in general, it is not possible to obtain a continuous function changing the initial one on a zero measure set. (The reason is that the self-adjoint extension $H$ of $H_x$
ceases to be a differential operator.)
However it could happen that one finds a solution of (2) $\psi=\psi(t,x)$ which is differentiable in $t$ for every $x$ and sufficiently regular in $x$ depending on the regularity of $V$ in order to belong to $D(H_x)\subset D(H)$.
Does $\psi$ solve (1)?
The only thing to check is if, almost everywhere in $x$ and for a given $t \in \mathbb R$,
$$\left(\frac{d}{dt} \psi_t\right)(x) = \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi(t,x)\:.\tag{3}$$
We have a pair of elementary facts:
(A) If both sides of (3) exist, and the right hand side belongs to $L^2(\mathbb R^3, dx)$, (3) holds.
(B) If there are $\epsilon>0$ and
$g_{t} \in L^2(\mathbb R^3, dx)$, with
$$\left|\frac{\partial}{\partial \tau} \psi(\tau,x)\right| \leq |g_{t}(x)|\quad \mbox{almost everywhere in $x$, } \forall \tau \in (t-\epsilon, t+\epsilon)$$
then the left-hand side of (3) exists (and (3) holds true for (A)).
ADDENDUM.
SKETCH OF PROOF
Regarding (A), since the $t$ derivative exists in the sense of the Hilbert space topology, we know that
$$\lim_{h\to 0} \int \left| \frac{1}{h}(\psi_{t+h}(x)-\psi_t(x)) - \frac{d \psi_t(x)}{dt}\right|^2 dx=0$$
A know result of $L^p$ spaces theory says that if $f_n \to f$ as $n\to +\infty$ in $L^p$, there is a subsequence with $f_{n_k} \to f$ almost everywhere as $k \to +\infty$. Therfore there is a sequence $h_k \to 0$ as $k\to +\infty$, such that, almost everywhere in $x$,
$$\frac{1}{h_k}(\psi_{t+h_k}(x)-\psi_t(x)) \to \frac{d \psi_t(x)}{dt}\:.\tag{4}$$
On the other hand we know that, just because $\frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}$ exists, for every $x$ we also have
$$\frac{1}{h}(\psi_{t+h}(x)-\psi_t(x)) \to \frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}\quad \mbox{if $h\to 0$}.$$
Therefore, in particular, again for every $x$,
$$\frac{1}{h_k}(\psi_{t+h_k}(x)-\psi_t(x)) \to \frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}\quad \mbox{if $k\to \infty$}\:.\tag{5}$$
Comparing (4) and (5), we conclude that (A) holds:
$$\left(\frac{d}{dt} \psi_t\right)(x) = \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi(t,x)$$
almost everywhere in $x$. So that (A) is true.
Regarding (B), what has to be proved is that:
$$\lim_{h\to 0} \int \left| \frac{1}{h}(\psi(t+h,x)-\psi(t,x)) - \frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}\right|^2dx =0\:.\tag{6}$$
Lagrange's theorem allows us to re-write the integral as:
$$\int \left| \frac{\partial \psi(\tau,x)}{\partial \tau}|_{\tau= t_{x,h}} - \frac{\partial \psi(\tau,x)}{\partial \tau}|_{\tau=t}\right|^2 dx$$
where $t_{x,h} \in [t-h,t+h]$. In our hypotheses we also have that:
$$\left| \frac{\partial \psi(\tau,x)}{\partial \tau}|_{\tau= t_{x,h}} - \frac{\partial \psi(\tau,x)}{\partial \tau}|_{\tau=t}\right|^2 \leq 2|g_t(x)|^2$$
almost everywhere in $x$ and for all sufficiently small $h$.
Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem implies that the symbol of integral and that of limit can be swapped in the RHS of (6), obtaining
$$\lim_{h\to 0} \int \left| \frac{1}{h}(\psi(t+h,x)-\psi(t,x)) - \frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}\right|^2 dx$$
$$ =
\int \lim_{h\to 0}\left| \frac{1}{h}(\psi(t+h,x)-\psi(t,x)) - \frac{\partial \psi(t,x)}{\partial t}\right|^2 dx =0\:,$$
as wanted.
