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Which of the following two arguments is correct?

(1) The total entropy of the cosmic vacuum should be the same as the entropy of the cosmological horizon (with radius $R$). The horizon entropy $S$ is given by the black hole entropy $A/4$ (in Planck units); the total cosmic vacuum entropy is thus proportional to $R^2$.

The temperature of the horizon, and of the vacuum in its interior that is due to the horizon (and not to other effects), is $T = 1/R$ (again in Plank units).

(2) Alternatively, the total entropy $S$ of the cosmic vacuum is the entropy of the black body radiation from the horizon: $S = V \cdot \sigma \cdot T^3 / c$. Therefore, the total entropy $S$ does not depend on $R$, because $V$ changes as $R^3$, and $T^3$ changes as $1/R^3$.

Which of the two entropy expressions is correct? Or are both wrong? Why?

1 Answers1

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Let us evolve the Universe in both arguments to a de Sitter end-point so the 'horizon' is then the future cosmic event horizon in both cases. What is then clearly the same in both arguments is that the entropy is:

\begin{equation}\tag{A} \ S=S_{Bulk}=S_{dS}\sim \frac{E}{T_{dS}} \end{equation} Also, $T_{dS}\approx 2.4\times10^{-30}K$.

The volume of the space enclosed by the future cosmic event horizon (radius $l_\Lambda$) is simply: \begin{equation}\tag{B} V = \frac{4}{3} \pi{l_\Lambda^3} \sim 1.4 \times 10^{79}~\mathrm{m^3}. \end{equation} Or, if you feel this volume relation (B) is only valid in dS space with a horizon-based argument, you can use $V=\pi^2l_\Lambda^3$ in argument (2) below, it doesn't change the outcome.

The entropy density $s$ of the cosmic vacuum is $s=S/V$

What is not the same:

In argument (1) $E=E_H=E_{Bulk}$. This is a holographic relation. Also, $k_BS_{dS}=E_{dS}/T_{dS}$

In argument (2) $E=E_B=aT_{dS}^4V$. This a black body radiation relation. Also, $k_BS_{dS}=4E_{B}/3T_{dS}$

Lets look at (2) first. If this were right, the energy density of the cosmic vacuum could be calculated as $\rho_{\Lambda}=E_B/V=aT_{dS}^4\approx2.5\times10^{-134}\mathrm J/m^3$.

Now, the energy density of the bulk vacuum is constant over time, and from observation is known to be approx.: \begin{equation}\tag{3} \rho_{\Lambda} = \frac{\Lambda c^4}{8 \pi G} \sim 6.3 \times 10^{-10}~\mathrm{J/m^3}. \end{equation} The ratio of (3) : $\rho_{\Lambda}$ from argument (2) is $\sim10^{124}$. So, what we have with argument (2) is a version of the cosmological constant problem (CCP). In fact, we could expect this, since the CCP arises from relating the degrees of freedom to a sphere volume rather than a sphere surface area, and this is what argument (2) is really doing, trying to relate vacuum energy density to volume. Also, see these answers why this approach is a 'no'.

What about (1)? This is more likely to be correct, since as per this answer, there is a holographic-inspired approach that solves the CCP.

Mr Anderson
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